: A defined set of commands that direct the process (e.g., CNC code).

: An extension of programmable automation that allows for product changeovers with zero downtime. 2. Production Systems Infrastructure

This report provides a comprehensive overview of Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), drawing heavily from the engineering principles established in modern manufacturing frameworks like those detailed in Mikell P. Groover's authoritative text . 1. Automation in Production Systems

: Energy required to accomplish the process and operate the system components.