Using child-friendly metaphors, such as an "Out-of-Control Alarm System" for anxiety or "Blue Glasses" for depression.

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The first step is teaching the child (and their parents) about the "fight-flight-freeze" response and the "vicious cycle" of low mood.

To reduce stigma and help the child externalize the problem (e.g., "The Worry Monster" is the issue, not the child). B. Cognitive Restructuring: "Catch it, Check it, Change it"

Treating children requires a systemic approach. Parents are coached to move from "protection" (which reinforces avoidance) to "scaffolding" (encouraging brave behaviour). This often involves reducing "accommodation"—the process where parents change their lives to prevent a child’s distress. 4. Conclusion

Anxiety and depression are frequently co-occurring in pediatric populations. While they are distinct diagnoses, they often share a foundation of "negative affectivity." Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) remains the gold standard for treatment, focusing on the "cognitive triad": how a child’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours interact to maintain emotional distress. 2. Core Therapeutic Strategies A. Psychoeducation: Normalizing the Experience