The search for new trade routes to India to bypass Ottoman taxes. The "gold hunger" of European monarchs and merchants.
The voyages of Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Magellan, and the beginning of colonial empires.
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The challenge to the Catholic Church by Martin Luther and John Calvin, leading to religious wars in Europe. Vasco da Gama
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Technological advancements in navigation (caravels, astrolabes, and compasses). The search for new trade routes to India
The Netherlands Revolution and the English Civil War.